INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCE RESEARCH
IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY

An increase in the number of therapeutic drugs with low aqueous solubility, low permeability, extensive first-pass effect, and poor oral bioavailability has become an important issue for optimizing the therapeutic efficacy with conventional pharmaceutical formulations. Advanced pharmaceutical formulations and innovative drug delivery systems have been recognized as effective tools in overcoming such issues due to the enhanced stability of drugs, controlled release of drugs, improved bioavailability, and targeted delivery of drugs. The objective of the current study was to evaluate and compare the conventional pharmaceutical formulations with advanced drug delivery systems, which include controlled release formulations, lipid nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, hydrogels, and transdermal patches. The formulations were developed by employing traditional pharmaceutical techniques and characterized by physicochemical, chromatographic, thermal, and structural analyses. HPLC and GC-MS results have shown the high purity of drugs and absence of residual impurities in optimized formulations. The physicochemical characterization of the formulations has revealed the optimal particle size distribution, high encapsulation efficiency, low polydispersity index, and appropriate zeta potential. The drug excipient compatibility was ensured through FTIR, which involved no considerable chemical interactions, while DSC and PXRD studies confirmed partial amorphization and decreased crystallinity, indicative of increased dissolution properties. Overall, it can be said that these results have shown how new pharmaceutical formulations are capable of providing much better physicochemical properties, increased stability, enhanced drug release and greater possibilities for improving bioavailability and drug effectiveness compared to traditional formulations. This work emphasizes the importance of using nanotechnology and controlled drug delivery approaches in modern pharmaceutics to cope with existing difficulties associated with drug delivery. In addition, these results encourage further development of intelligent drug delivery systems based on the patient and precision approaches.