Gene therapy using recombinant DNA a new method that utilises technology to revolutionise treating genetic and acquired diseases. This method involves the modification or replacement of defective genes to correct or alleviate disease symptoms. Vectors, and especially viral vectors, have come a long way in the last few decades; they transport therapeutic genes to their intended targets in cells. Recent developments in gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, have further accelerated this transformation by making it possible to make exact changes to genetic code with minimal off-target effects. Despite these advancements, gene therapy faces several challenges. Immune responses to viral vectors, the potential for insertional mutagenesis, and difficulties in delivering the therapy to specific tissues are major hurdles that need to be addressed. Moreover, the high cost of gene therapy and ethical concerns surrounding genetic modifications continue to spark debate.