This study undertakes a comparative analysis of developmental programs and policies for rural and urban tribals in India, focusing on the period post-independence. Tribal communities in India, which account for a significant portion of the country's diverse demographic, face unique challenges due to their geographical, socio-economic, and cultural characteristics. Since independence, Numerous initiatives have been launched by the Indian government with the goal of bettering the economic and social circumstances of indigenous communities. These efforts have encompassed areas such as education, healthcare, employment, infrastructure, and land rights, with the dual aim of fostering development and preserving cultural heritage. This research examines the disparities in development outcomes between rural and urban tribal communities, exploring how various policies have impacted these two groups differently. The study assesses key programs such whereby the Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP), the Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDP), and various welfare schemes targeting education, employment, and healthcare. Using a research strategy that makes use of both quantitative and qualitative techniques, the research highlights the differential access to resources, effectiveness of policy implementation, and socio-economic outcomes in rural and urban settings. The findings reveal that while urban tribal communities often have better access to services and infrastructure, they face challenges related to cultural assimilation and identity. Conversely, rural tribals struggle with isolation, limited access to healthcare and education, and land dispossession. The study concludes with recommendations for bridging these gaps, emphasizing the need for more localized, context-sensitive policies that address the specific requirements of indigenous communities in urban and rural areas. This analysis contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable development, social equity, and the protection of indigenous peoples' rights in India.