Climate change has emerged as an important economic challenge for Indian agriculture because agricultural production remains highly dependent on temperature, rainfall, water availability and other agro-climatic conditions. Changes in temperature, rainfall variability, droughts, floods and extreme weather events can influence crop yields, production costs, market prices and ultimately farm income. The Economic Survey 2025–26 identifies erratic weather, rising temperatures, extreme events and water scarcity as important challenges to agricultural productivity and recommends region-specific climate-resilient interventions. This paper examines the economic relationship between climate change, agricultural productivity and farm income in India using secondary data and evidence from recent empirical studies. The study discusses the channels through which climatic variables affect agricultural production and farm profitability and reviews the role of irrigation, crop diversification, climate-resilient technologies, crop insurance, improved seeds and digital agricultural services. The paper argues for strengthening climate-resilient agricultural investment, irrigation, agricultural research, risk-management mechanisms and income diversification.